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Craig E. Manning and Peter B. Kelemen reassessed carbon transport through subduction zones, including carbonate dissolution in fluids and transfer into the overriding plate.^[ref]

The budget distinguishes carbon retained in deep mantle from carbon stored in crust or lithospheric mantle. Volcanic emissions alone do not measure every return pathway, so fluid reactions and hidden reservoirs affect estimates of long-term recycling.

Peter B. Kelemen and Craig E. Manning combined rock carbon inventories, fluid solubility and transport mechanisms to reassess the subduction carbon cycle.^[ref]

Their analysis emphasizes transfer and storage above the descending slab. A carbon atom leaving subducting rock can enter another solid reservoir before reaching the atmosphere; counting only incoming sediment and volcanic output would miss that part of the budget.