= Phase response function
{title2=$Y'=-DF(U)^{\mathsf T}Y$}
A periodic <phase response function> describes the first-order phase shift produced by a perturbation along a <limit cycle>. With period-one orbit $U$, choose the periodic adjoint solution normalized by $\int_0^1Y\cdot U'\,ds=1$. The <Fredholm solvability condition> then projects forcing $p$ to $\int_0^1Y\cdot p\,ds$. For voltage-difference coupling, the averaged interaction is $h(\phi)=\int_0^1Y^1(s)U^1(s+\phi)\,ds$.
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