= Point-particle Faddeev–Popov ghost action
{title2=$S_{\mathrm{gh}}=\int i b\dot c\,dt$}
For a relativistic particle, the <Hamiltonian> gauge parameter changes the <worldline einbein> by its time derivative. Fixing the einbein to a constant therefore gives a <Faddeev-Popov determinant> of $\partial_t$, represented by anticommuting <FP ghosts>. Gauge zero modes and the <proper-time modulus> are treated separately. The displayed phase convention gives the odd canonical bracket $\{b,c\}=-i$.
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