= Polarization of singly scattered sunlight
{title2=$\mathcal P=\frac{\sin^2\chi}{1+\cos^2\chi}$}
In ideal single <Rayleigh scattering> of unpolarized incident <light> by an isotropic small scatterer, observed <intensities> perpendicular and parallel to the <scattering plane> are proportional to 1 and $\cos^2\chi$. Their normalized difference is $\mathcal P=\sin^2\chi/(1+\cos^2\chi)$. At a right-angle scattering geometry the output is fully linear and perpendicular to that plane. Multiple scattering, large particles and anisotropic scatterers change this ideal sky-polarization law.
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