Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2013 iii Paper 3 2 f iii Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-07
Use the projective-line realization from part (ii). The subgroup of translations is abelian and normal in the stabilizer subgroup of infinity. We verify both remaining conditions of Iwasawa's simplicity lemma, instead of concluding simplicity from transitivity alone.
Let be generated by all conjugates of in . It contains the matricesHere matrices act by fractional linear transformations. For ,In particular , and acts as multiplication by . Squaring is a bijection of , so every belongs to . Hence contains and , and .
Choose . The commutator, with convention , isAs varies, this gives all translations. Thus contains , and normality makes it contain every conjugate of . Since those generate , the group is a perfect group.
A sharply three-transitive action on nine points is a primitive group action, and this permutation action is a faithful group action. All Iwasawa hypotheses now hold, soIt may be identified with : the generators are fractional linear transformations and , while all nonzero field elements are squares. The simplicity proof above does not rely on assuming simplicity of that named family.