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We use the James reduced product theorem and the Bott–Samelson theorem: if $X$ is a connected based CW complex with free integral homology, then $JX\to \Omega \Sigma X$ is a weak equivalence, and its induced Pontryagin ring isHere $\Sigma$ is the reduced suspension, $T$ is the tensor algebra, and the multiplication is induced by concatenating James words, hence by concatenating loops. Taking $X=S^{2n}$ supplies a single generator $x$ of degree $2n$, sois free, with one generator in every degree $2nk$ and zero in the other degrees.

The diagonal makes this a homology coalgebra. The generator $x$ is a primitive homology class:There are no nontrivial lower positive degrees in which its reduced diagonal could land. Compatibility of the diagonal with loop multiplication givesThe degree of $x$ is even, so the two tensor factors commute without a Koszul sign rule.

The universal coefficient theorem for cohomology has no Ext terms here because homology is free. Let $a_k$ be the cohomology class dual to $x^k$, with $a_0=1$ and $|a_k|=2nk$. The cup product is dual to the diagonal, henceTherefore the integral cohomology ring is the divided power algebraExplicitly $H^{2nk}=\mathbb{Z}{a}_k$ for $k\ge 0$, and all other cohomology groups vanish. In particular $a_1^k=k!a_k$: over the integers this is not a polynomial ring on $a_1$. This is the integral cohomology of an odd-sphere loop space.

For the requested homology multiplication, use the homology cross product followed by concatenation:The constant loop gives the degree-zero unit. Loop concatenation is associative up to homotopy, which suffices for associativity on homology; Moore loops can make the space-level operation strictly associative. The Künneth theorem identifies the tensor-product homology because its groups are free abelian groups. The Bott–Samelson theorem identifies this product with word multiplication, so $x^i\ast x^j=x^{i+j}$. The Pontryagin ring of an odd-sphere loop space has presentationWith only one generator the tensor algebra has the indicated polynomial presentation. The homology product and the divided-power cohomology product are different operations.

A nonzero element of a free abelian group is primitive when it is part of an integral basis, equivalently when some homomorphism to $\mathbb{Z}$ takes it to one. Its coordinates have greatest common divisor one. This lattice meaning differs from a primitive homology class in the coalgebra sense.