= R. M. Sachs
{c}
<R. M. Sachs> coauthored, with <M. D. Burkhard>, a 1975 description of an anthropometric manikin for <acoustics> research. The contribution addressed a measurement problem: a test fixture should represent relevant features of a listener rather than merely hold a sensor in otherwise empty space.<Anthropometric manikin for acoustic research by M. D. Burkhard and R. M. Sachs>[Original title, byline and publication record]{ref}
Current <KEMAR> documentation illustrates the approach with shaped head-and-torso fixtures and interchangeable ear-related components. These support controlled tests in which the apparatus configuration is recorded and reproduced.<KEMAR manufacturer documentation>[Product-family description and ear-simulator configurations]{ref}
For a hypothetical comparison, use the same signal and fixture to test two headphone placements. A change in the measured response can then be investigated as a placement effect instead of being mixed with changes of listener anatomy. Conversely, changing an ear component changes the physical model itself. An interpretable comparison therefore specifies both the signal and the geometry.
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