Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2012 iii Paper 35 2 b i Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-07
Use finite cutoff windows to avoid subtracting two infinite masses. Write for the unit disc, on loops surrounding , and . For , let . These increase to all loops in surrounding as .
On the finite-mass windows, the domain-containment events form a pi-system. Indeed, if are simply connected and contain , a simple loop surrounding that lies in both has its filled interior in both. It therefore lies in the component of containing , which is simply connected. Thus, on the support of ,Inclusion-exclusion for the finite deficits givesTaking and subtracting from gives the useful recovery formulaThe assumed generation of the loop sigma-field by domain-containment events and the uniqueness theorem for measures now determine the finite restriction to . Increasing these windows recovers ; conformal transport recovers its restriction to any simply connected domain containing the marked point. If a simply connected domain omits , no loop in it can surround .
The argument uses finite annular deficits. This is the usual local-finiteness convention for these loop measures and is explicitly ensured by the finite logarithmic formula assumed in the continuation. Bare sigma-finiteness must not be used as permission for formal subtraction. This is the recovery of a loop measure from conformal deficits.