= Ruggero De Paulis
{c}
\b[Ruggero De Paulis] is a <surgeon> whose work includes <aortic root> reconstruction and the design of a sinus-containing conduit. UniCamillus identifies cardiac surgery as his field and credits him with the <Valsalva graft>.<Ruggero De Paulis profile at UniCamillus>[Heart Surgery heading and biography, Valsalva prosthesis]{ref} The original 2000 paper gives his full byline and explicitly attributes the modified conduit's design to RDP.<A new aortic Dacron conduit for surgical treatment of aortic root pathology by Ruggero De Paulis and others>[Printed pp. 457–458, byline and Methods, design attribution]{ref}
\Image[https://unicamillus.org/wp-content/uploads/docenti/foto/de-paulis.png?x35256=]
{title=Ruggero De Paulis, portrait linked from his named UniCamillus cardiac-surgery faculty profile}
{source=https://unicamillus.org/en/lecturers/ruggero-de-paulis/}
{width=250}
The design addresses a geometric distinction between a straight tube and the bulging <aortic sinuses>. In the report, differently oriented corrugations in a short graft segment allow circumferential expansion near the root while the adjoining tube retains a different directional response. The resulting shape includes artificial sinus-like spaces and a narrowed <sinotubular junction>.<A new aortic Dacron conduit for surgical treatment of aortic root pathology by Ruggero De Paulis and others>[Printed p. 458, Methods and Figures 1–4]{ref} This is an example of using structural geometry to control a device's mechanical response, rather than specifying only one nominal tube diameter.
The initial report described nine operations and used visual inspection, <echocardiography> and <angiography> to assess the reconstructed geometry. It reported no mortality or morbidity in that series.<A new aortic Dacron conduit for surgical treatment of aortic root pathology by Ruggero De Paulis and others>[Printed p. 457, Abstract, Methods and Results]{ref} Those observations document an initial series; they do not by themselves establish a zero underlying event probability.
An original <binomial distribution> illustration quantifies that distinction. If nine independent procedures from a specified population have zero events, a one-sided 95% upper <confidence bound> under the stipulated model is
$$
p_U=1-0.05^{1/9}\approx0.283.
$$
This is a mathematical illustration of sample-size limitations, not an estimate of an individual patient's risk or a comparison between treatments. Follow-up duration and the event definition also belong to the observed endpoint.
With <Andrea Salica>, De Paulis later coauthored the detailed 2019 account of <aortic valve> and root anatomy.<Surgical anatomy of the aortic valve and root—implications for valve repair by Ruggero De Paulis and Andrea Salica>[Byline and General considerations]{ref} The papers connect explicit geometry, a fabricated conduit and measurements of the resulting reconstruction.
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