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A. Arcones developed equilibrium bounds on the electron fraction in stellar matter with G. Martínez-Pinedo, L. F. Roberts and S. E. Woosley. Their 2010 study applied nuclear statistical equilibrium and beta equilibrium to obtain lower limits relevant to Type Ia supernovae and accretion-induced collapse.^[ref]

G. Martínez-Pinedo studied how nuclear composition constrains the electron fraction in stellar matter. With A. Arcones, L. F. Roberts and S. E. Woosley, he tested combined nuclear statistical equilibrium and beta equilibrium against presupernova models, rather than assuming every evolving plasma has reached equilibrium.^[ref]

L. F. Roberts helped calculate equilibrium constraints on the electron fraction in stellar matter. The 2010 study with A. Arcones, G. Martínez-Pinedo and S. E. Woosley sought limits less sensitive to uncertain weak-interaction rates, using nuclear statistical equilibrium together with beta equilibrium.^[ref]

S. E. Woosley investigated the electron fraction in stellar matter with A. Arcones, G. Martínez-Pinedo and L. F. Roberts. Their 2010 calculation combined nuclear statistical equilibrium with beta equilibrium conditions to constrain composition in presupernova and collapse environments.^[ref]