= Satellite impulse normalization
{title2=$\Delta v_y=\chi(GM_s)^2/(S^3x^5)$}
For a straight shearing-sheet encounter, $V=S|x|$, and the outer and inner longitudinal changes have opposite signs. The <complete-flyby gravitational impulse> gives $\chi=2$. Some simplified prescribed kick models use a different coefficient; carrying it explicitly makes the corresponding <one-sided impulse torque on a disk> and migration rates unambiguous. This coefficient does not assert an exact solution of the full rotating Hill encounter.
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