= Seiberg–Witten theory
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{title2=$M_{\mathrm{BPS}}=\sqrt2|n_ea+n_ma_D|$}
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In four-dimensional $\mathcal N=2$ <supersymmetric gauge theory>, Seiberg–Witten theory determines exact low-energy quantities from the geometry of the vacuum parameter space. For rank one, the <central charge in supersymmetry> is proportional to $n_ea+n_ma_D$, with integral electric and magnetic charges and $a_D$ the dual scalar period. The <BPS bound in supersymmetry> fixes the mass of a short state by this charge combination. Its vanishing identifies loci where a <magnetic monopole> or <dyon> can become massless, even when the original electric description is strongly coupled.
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