Sensor bias
= Sensor bias
{title2=$b=y_m-y$}
A <sensor bias> is a systematic offset between the <measured output> and the physical <plant output>, modeled here as $y_m=y+b$ with constant $b$. Unlike zero-mean <measurement noise>, a <sensor bias> persists when repeated readouts are averaged. A <sensor bias> affects the physical meaning of a zero <tracking error>; for a <temperature> readout, independent <thermometer calibration> can detect it.