= Stationary values of a quadratic functional with a quadratic constraint
{title2=$J[y]=\int(py'^2-qy^2),\quad I[y]=\int wy^2=1$}
Impose zero <Dirichlet boundary conditions> on an interval. The <isoperimetric constraint> $I[y]=1$ is regular because $DI_y[y]=2I[y]=2\ne0$. The <Lagrange multiplier> rule applied to $J-\lambda(I-1)$ gives the <Sturm-Liouville equation>
$$
(py')'+qy+\lambda wy=0.
$$
Multiplying by $y$ and using <integration by parts> gives $J[y]=\lambda I[y]=\lambda$. Thus the multiplier is the stationary value of the original functional, or its <Rayleigh quotient>. This calculation does not require $w$ to have one sign; positive-weight spectral conclusions require additional hypotheses.
If two stationary functions have different multipliers, multiplying their equations crosswise and subtracting gives $(\lambda_n-\lambda_m)\int wy_ny_m=0$. The endpoint terms vanish. This proves the weighted <orthogonality of Sturm-Liouville eigenfunctions>. Higher stationary values need not be local minima of the constrained functional.
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