= Stephen Hawking
{c}
<Stephen Hawking> studied how gravitation and quantum physics change thermal equilibrium. In his 1983 collaboration with <Don N. Page>, a negative <cosmological constant> altered the temperature–size relation of a <black hole>, permitting a large positive-<heat capacity> branch in <Anti-de Sitter spacetime>.<Thermodynamics of black holes in anti-de Sitter space by Stephen Hawking and Don N. Page>[Sections 2–3: Euclidean temperature and canonical thermodynamics]{ref}
This provided a concrete <phase transition> problem in <black-hole thermodynamics>, comparing the <free energies> of black-hole and thermal-radiation configurations under the same boundary conditions.
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