Monoidal functor 2026-10-06
Here the unqualified term allows lax comparison maps and , natural and compatible with associators and unitors. Invertible comparison maps give a strong monoidal functor. The opposite direction gives an opmonoidal functor.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2016 iii Paper 122 1 b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
Define the length of a formal tensor expression recursively byThe canonical strict monoidal functor sends to , sends every associator and unitor to an identity braid, and sends to the block braiding . The pentagon and triangle become identity equations; the braiding axioms become the corresponding block-braid equations. Thus the assignment respects the defining relations, andon the nose. It is a braided monoidal functor with identity comparison maps.
To prove that is an equivalence of categories, choose a standard parenthesization of copies of , with . On , define the image of by canonically exposing the th and st factors, applying there, and restoring the chosen parentheses. The monoidal coherence theorem makes this independent of the structural rebracketing. Crossings on disjoint pairs commute by the tensor interchange law. The adjacent braid group relations follows from the hexagon laws and naturality of the braiding, as in the Yang–Baxter calculation below. Hence these assignments give group homomorphisms and a functor .
Equip with the canonical rebracketing maps . Their monoidal functor axioms follow from the monoidal coherence theorem; the block-braiding compatibility follows by iterating the two hexagon laws. Therefore is a strong monoidal functor compatible with the braiding.
We have , including its comparison maps. For every formal expression , there is a canonical structural isomorphismobtained by rebracketing and inserting the units appearing in . These maps form a natural isomorphism . To check naturality, it suffices to check the generating morphisms: for associators and unitors it is exactly monoidal coherence; for it follows from the hexagon expansion into the elementary crossings defining . Composition and tensor product then preserve the equation. The same structural coherence shows that is monoidal.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2016 iii Paper 122 6 a Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
Because the direction of a lax monoidal functor compares the target tensor with the image of the source tensor, the given maps have the correct direction. They need not be invertible unless a strong monoidal functor is intended.
Their associativity condition is the following commutative diagram, with the associators of the two structures labelled explicitly:The two unit conditions, since , are the unit commutative diagramsTogether with the assumed naturality, these are exactly the axioms for the requested monoidal structure. There are no further coherence conditions.
The faithful strict monoidal functor allows all three diagrams to be checked after applying it. Both tensor structures then have the same underlying tensor and constraints in . In particular, the unit conditions are equivalent toThe associativity square becomes the displayed diagram with every tensor replaced by , both associators by , and every by . Faithfulness reflects equality of the two resulting composites. One should not identify itself with an identity in : its domain and codomain can be distinct objects with the same image under . Intrinsically it is , and similarly on the right.
Strict monoidal functor 2026-10-06
A strong monoidal functor whose comparison maps are identities. It preserves the tensor, unit and structural constraints exactly; its source need not be a strict monoidal category.