Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2024 iii Paper 146 2 iii Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
LetFor any sufficiently small nonzero , translationis a symplectic isotopy with . Choosing arbitrarily small makes the isotopy arbitrarily small in every norm.
This isotopy has nonzero flux homomorphism, represented by . In contrast, every Hamiltonian isotopy has zero flux. If a Hamiltonian image were disjoint from , the two homologous essential circles would bound an annulus , and evaluation of the flux on would equal the signed symplectic areawhich is nonzero. This contradicts vanishing Hamiltonian flux, so is not Hamiltonian displaceable.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2024 iii Paper 146 2 ii Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
Let with an area form and let be an equator dividing the sphere into two open hemispheres of equal area. Every curve in a symplectic surface is Lagrangian. A small normal push moves to a nearby latitude, so it is displaceable by a smooth isotopy.
Suppose a symplectic isotopy had final image disjoint from . The curve must lie in one hemisphere. Of the two discs bounded by , the one contained in that hemisphere has area strictly below half the total area, and the other has area strictly above half. On the other hand, a symplectomorphism maps the original two hemispheres to the two discs bounded by and preserves their areas, so both would have half the total area. This contradiction is the symplectic non-displaceability of an area bisector.