Dihydroxylation 2026-10-20
Dihydroxylation installs hydroxyl groups on adjacent alkene carbons. osmium tetroxide gives a syn addition pathway through a cyclic osmate ester.
Syn addition 2026-10-20
A syn addition attaches both new groups from the same face of an unsaturated unit. Formation of a cyclic osmate ester explains syn dihydroxylation.