= Telegrapher's equations
{title2=$V_x=-R'I-L'I_t,\quad I_x=-G'V-C'V_t$}
{wiki}
A distributed <transmission line> with per-unit-length series resistance $R'$, series <inductance> $L'$, shunt conductance $G'$ and shunt <capacitance> $C'$ obeys the displayed coupled first-order equations by applying <Kirchhoff's voltage law> and <Kirchhoff's current law> to a short element. With $R'=G'=0$, both voltage and current satisfy a <wave equation> with speed $1/\sqrt{L'C'}$ and <characteristic impedance> $\sqrt{L'/C'}$. The quantities $R',L',G',C'$ are distributed parameters, not a single lumped resistor or <capacitor>.
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