= Tunnel-rate-selective spin readout
Map states with unequal escape rates $\Gamma_f\gg\Gamma_s$ onto distinct charge outcomes after an interval between their characteristic escape times. Both removal energies can lie above the reservoir <chemical potential>, so their splitting need not be thermally resolved. A useful rate difference must have a physical origin: a demonstrated single-dot example uses a two-electron <singlet state> and <triplet state> with different occupied orbitals. A bare single-electron Zeeman pair in the same orbital does not automatically provide the required rate contrast.<Single-shot readout of electron spin states in a quantum dot using spin-dependent tunnel rates by R. Hanson and others>[pp. 1–2, Figs. 1–2]{ref}
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