= Twomey effect
{c}
Increasing <cloud droplet> number at fixed liquid-water content and <cloud> thickness reduces mean droplet size and increases total extinction area, raising shortwave <optical depth> and <cloud albedo>. This idealized response produces negative shortwave <radiative forcing>. Changes in <cloud> amount, <water> content and dynamics are separate adjustments.<The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds by S. Twomey>[Fixed-water-content droplet-number and <albedo> response]{ref}
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