Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2004 ia Paper 3 11C Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-14
Choose zero gravitational potential at infinity. Apply superposition to a uniform sphere of positive density and the two voids represented by spheres of negative density. The shell theorem makes every component act as a point mass outside the large sphere. With and ,The volume factors are the cubes of the three radii.
Inside the smaller void, the large sphere and the removed small sphere have interior fields and , where . They combine into the uniform gravitational field in an off-center spherical cavity, . The point is outside the other void's sphere, whose removed mass contributes a repulsive field. ThusAn equilibrium must lie on the line through the two centers. Write with . Its equation is , givingThis point is inside the smaller void, but it is not stable. Let . The field's Jacobian matrix has eigenvaluesThe axial displacement is restoring, while transverse displacements accelerate away from equilibrium. Therefore there is no point in that void where a test particle remains stably at rest. The cavity equilibrium destabilized by a second void is a saddle; existence of a zero force is insufficient for stability.
The two spherical voids and the unstable equilibrium inside the smaller void
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