= Uniform quantization error
{title2=$\sigma_\epsilon=\Delta/\sqrt{12}$}
<rounding> an unclipped <voltage> to equally spaced levels of separation $\Delta$ leaves error in $[-\Delta/2,\Delta/2]$. If the fractional position within a conversion interval is uniformly distributed, direct integration gives zero mean and <expectation value> $\langle\epsilon^2\rangle=\Delta^2/12$. This is a <statistical model> for the error, not a claim that the converter adds independent white <noise> for every possible input.
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