= Variability in irrelevant letters
Variation in surrounding letters while a target mapping remains stable. A first-grade training experiment found transfer benefits from varied consonants around vowel mappings, motivating tests of how example distributions support abstraction.<Statistical learning in reading: variability in irrelevant letters helps children learn phonics skills by Keith S. Apfelbaum and others>[Developmental Psychology 49, 1348–1365; 224 first graders, vowel mappings with varied/similar consonants and transfer tasks]{ref}
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