= William G. Chase
{c}
<William G. Chase> investigated how <expertise> changes <perception> and <human memory>. In experiments with <Herbert A. Simon>, chess players reconstructed briefly viewed positions and copied positions in view. Grouping and recall differed with skill and with the structure of the arrangement.<Perception in chess by William G. Chase and Herbert A. Simon>[Cognitive Psychology 4, 55–81, recall and copying experiments]{ref}
The expert advantage was especially marked for meaningful chess positions. Random arrangements weakened the value of learned patterns, helping distinguish domain knowledge from a universal increase in immediate storage. The resulting <chunking (psychology)> account explains how a player can retain relationships among pieces without encoding every piece as an unrelated item.
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