= Wolfgang Paul
{c}
{tag=Physicist}
{title2=1913-1993}
An experimental <atomic physicist> associated with the <Paul trap>. Its rapidly alternating electric quadrupole field produces stable confinement for suitable parameters even though a purely static electrostatic potential cannot trap a charged particle in all directions. The technique creates a controlled setting for long observations and precision <spectroscopy> of <ions>.<Electromagnetic traps for charged and neutral particles by Wolfgang Paul>[Nobel lecture: alternating-gradient confinement and radiofrequency ion traps]{ref}
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