= Wolfgang Pauli
{c}
{tag=Physicist}
{title2=1900–1958}
{wiki}
<Wolfgang Pauli> introduced the <Pauli exclusion principle> to explain the organization of <electron configurations> and the closing of <electron shells>. In its later <wave function> formulation, exchanging two identical <fermions> reverses the sign of the joint <quantum state>. Putting both <fermions> in the same one-particle <quantum state> would leave the product unchanged, so antisymmetrizing gives zero. For <electrons>, a spatial <orbital> can still contain two occupants with opposite <spin>, because their full one-particle <quantum states> differ.<Exclusion principle and quantum mechanics by Wolfgang Pauli>[Nobel lecture, discussion of closed shells and antisymmetric functions, printed p. 31]{ref}
A <physicist>.https://library.ethz.ch/en/collections-and-archives/platforms/virtual-exhibitions/wolfgang-pauli-and-modern-physics/appointment-at-eth-zurich.html[Independent professional profile]{ref}
\Image[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Wolfgang%20Pauli%20ETH-Bib%20Portr%2001042.jpg?width=250]
{title=Portrait of <Wolfgang Pauli>}
{description=Bettina Katzenstein / ETH Zürich; ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv, Portr 01042. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported], via Wikimedia Commons.}
{source=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wolfgang_Pauli_ETH-Bib_Portr_01042.jpg}
{width=250}
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