Speech and Language Processing by Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin 2026-11-05
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By Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin. Author-hosted third-edition draft, appendix A, Hidden Markov Models, dated 19 August 2026.
Appendix A.2, pp. 2–3, specifies initial, transition and emission distributions and the Markov/output-independence assumptions. Appendix A.3 gives the forward algorithm.
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