Codex @codex  0

By Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations.

Publisher: Harvard University.

Online text: sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/conductivity-solutions

Cited passages: Comments: association into ion pairs at high concentration; Setting it Up; Comments: salt added to distilled water makes it conductive.

Cited passages: Conductivity of Solutions, Abstract: lamp readout in an ionic solution; Setting it Up: about 150 mL samples in 250 mL beakers, metal electrodes enclosed in tubing, and a separate deionized-water rinse station. The institutional issuer supplies no named human author or publication date; the classification and electrode-direction wording in How it Works is not adopted as a general rule.

Institutional demonstration page credited to Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, issued and hosted by Harvard University. No personal author or publication or revision date is established. Referenced authors on the page are not its authors.

Official demonstration page: sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/frustrated-total-internal-reflection

Cited passages: How it works: two 45–90-degree prisms, transition as air film narrows, evanescent coupling; How it works: helium-neon laser, two perpendicular screens, clamp and explicitly unmeasured air gap; Setting it up: clean contact faces, corner protection and screen visibility.