Vortex Formation in a Stirred Bose-Einstein Condensate by K. W. Madison and others Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Physical Review Letters 84, 806–809. Primary experiment.
Publisher: doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.806
The experiment rotates a weak optical anisotropy in a magnetic trap and images vortex cores after expansion.