BLEU: a Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation by Kishore Papineni and others 2026-11-05
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ACL 2002, pp.311–318; DOI10.3115/1073083.1073135. Section2.1 clipped n-gram precision, section2.1.1 corpus aggregation, sections2.2.2–2.3 brevity penalty and four-order geometric combination. Original paper title and byline verified; other authors are Salim Roukos, Todd Ward and Wei-Jing Zhu. Prepared example counts are independently derived.
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