= Xiaoge Liu
{c}
<Xiaoge Liu> is the first-listed author of the 2014 study of <band nonparabolicity> and the optical properties of <indium tin oxide>. The Stanford laboratory's alumni record also identifies Liu as a former doctoral student.https://brongersma.stanford.edu/alumni/[Xiaoge Liu entry]{ref}<Quantification and impact of nonparabolicity of the conduction band of indium tin oxide on its plasmonic properties by Xiaoge Liu and others>[byline and Figure 3]{ref}
The physical issue can be expressed through the <Drude model> relation
$$
\omega_p^2=\frac{ne^2}{\varepsilon_0m^*},
$$
where $n$ is <carrier density> and $m^*$ the relevant <effective mass>. If $m^*$ were fixed, doubling $n$ would double $\omega_p^2$. A density-dependent mass changes that prediction. Combining electrical and optical measurements can therefore test a band model rather than treating every shift in <plasma frequency> as a direct measure of carrier density alone.
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