For the negative-sign equation, take a nonzero separated solution . Separation of variables gives and . The zero Dirichlet boundary conditions on force with a positive integer and , up to a constant. Zero boundary values on similarly require with a positive integer . A zero or negative separation eigenvalue would give linear or hyperbolic factors, whose two zero endpoint values force the trivial solution.
The only positive integer pairs with are and . By the complete Dirichlet eigensystem of a rectangle, these span the whole eigenspace, so
For the positive-sign equation there is only the zero solution. One can use the same strictly positive eigenvalues of , or directly apply the zero Dirichlet solution of the modified Helmholtz equation. Multiplying by and using Green's first identity gives
where . Both nonnegative integrals must vanish, proving .