Controlled source electro-magnetic
= Controlled source electro-magnetic
{wiki=Controlled_source_electro-magnetic}
Controlled Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) is a geophysical method used primarily in exploration geophysics to investigate subsurface properties, particularly in the context of oil and gas exploration, as well as mineral exploration and environmental studies. CSEM employs controlled sources of electromagnetic (EM) fields to probe the electrical resistivity of the Earth's subsurface materials.