= Inverse photoemission spectroscopy
{wiki=Inverse_photoemission_spectroscopy}
Inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES) is a powerful experimental technique used to study the electronic states of materials, particularly surfaces and interfaces. In contrast to traditional photoemission spectroscopy (PES), which involves the excitation of electrons from a material by incident photons (measuring the emitted electrons), IPES involves the injection of electrons into a material, where these electrons can excite the material and subsequently emit photons.
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