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Algerian mathematics refers to the contributions to mathematics made by Algerian mathematicians, as well as the mathematical education and developments in Algeria, particularly after its independence in 1962. This field of study encompasses various areas of mathematics, including pure mathematics, applied mathematics, statistics, and mathematical education. Algerian mathematicians have made significant contributions across various disciplines, including algebra, analysis, geometry, and number theory, among others.

Aztec mathematics refers to the mathematical practices and concepts used by the Aztec civilization, which flourished in central Mexico from the 14th to the 16th centuries. The Aztecs had a sophisticated understanding of mathematics, which they used for practical purposes in areas like agriculture, trade, astronomy, and construction.

Babylonian mathematics refers to the mathematical system developed and utilized by the ancient civilization of Babylon, primarily during the period from approximately 2000 BCE to 300 BCE. This system is notable for several key characteristics: 1. **Base-60 Number System**: Babylonian mathematics primarily employed a sexagesimal (base-60) numeral system, which means that it was based on the number 60 rather than the decimal (base-10) system used in most modern mathematics.

Chinese mathematics refers to the mathematical practices, theories, and techniques developed and used in China over thousands of years. It has a rich history that includes significant contributions to various fields of mathematics, such as arithmetic, geometry, algebra, and number theory.

Egyptian mathematics refers to the mathematical practices and techniques used by the ancient Egyptians, primarily during the time of the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms (approximately 3000 BCE to 30 BCE). It is characterized by its practical applications in fields such as agriculture, architecture, and trade, reflecting the needs and conditions of Egyptian society.

Greek mathematics refers to the body of mathematical knowledge developed in ancient Greece, particularly from the 6th century BCE to the 3rd century CE. It is characterized by significant advances in various mathematical fields, including geometry, arithmetic, and number theory. The Greeks made substantial contributions to mathematics, influenced by earlier Babylonian and Egyptian systems, but they also introduced rigorous proofs and logical reasoning, which became foundational to modern mathematics.

Inca mathematics refers to the numerical and logistical systems used by the Inca Empire, which thrived in the Andean region of South America from the early 15th century until the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. The Incas did not have a written form of mathematics like many other civilizations; instead, they employed a sophisticated system based on the quipu, a device made of colored strings and knots that served as a means of record-keeping and information management.

Indian mathematics refers to the mathematical traditions and contributions that have developed in the Indian subcontinent over thousands of years. It encompasses a wide range of topics, including arithmetic, geometry, algebra, and astronomy.

Japanese mathematics refers to both historical and contemporary mathematical practices and developments in Japan. The term can encompass a variety of topics, including traditional Japanese mathematics (often called "wasan"), modern mathematical education, and contemporary research and contributions to global mathematics. ### Historical Context: Wasan 1. **Wasan (和算)**: This term specifically refers to traditional Japanese mathematics that developed from the 17th century until the 19th century.

Korean mathematics refers to the mathematical practices and developments that have occurred historically and in contemporary society in Korea. It encompasses traditional mathematical concepts that have been passed down through generations, as well as modern mathematical practices and education in South Korea and North Korea. ### Historical Aspects 1. **Traditional Mathematics**: Korean mathematics has roots in ancient Chinese mathematics, particularly in the study of astronomy and agriculture. Traditional Korean mathematics dealt with practical problems such as land measurement, trade, and tax calculations.

Mathematicians come from various nationalities around the world, reflecting the global nature of mathematics as a discipline. Here are some notable mathematicians categorized by their nationality: 1. **German**: - Karl Friedrich Gauss - David Hilbert - Bernhard Riemann 2. **French**: - Pierre-Simon Laplace - Henri Poincaré - Évariste Galois 3.

Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world, often referred to as Islamic mathematics, was a significant and transformative field that flourished from the 8th to the 15th centuries. This period was marked by a remarkable exchange of knowledge, as scholars built upon the mathematical foundations of ancient civilizations such as the Greeks, Romans, Indians, and Persians.

Medieval European mathematics refers to the mathematical developments and practices that occurred in Europe during the Middle Ages, roughly from the 5th to the late 15th century. This period was characterized by various influences, including the transmission of knowledge from ancient civilizations, the rise of universities, and the interactions with Islamic mathematicians and scholars.