Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are advanced composite materials that exhibit a gradual variation in composition, microstructure, and properties across their volume. This variation is typically designed to achieve a specific performance profile, such as improved strength, toughness, thermal resistance, or other desired characteristics. The primary features of functionally graded materials include: 1. **Gradual Variation**: Unlike traditional composites, which have distinct layers or phases, FGMs have a continuous and smooth transition between different materials.
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