Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) refer to high-energy particles that are emitted by the Sun, primarily during solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). These particles predominantly include protons, electrons, and heavier ions, such as helium nuclei and other elements. When solar activity increases, such as during a solar flare or a CME, the Sun releases enormous amounts of energy, which can accelerate these particles to high velocities.
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