W′ and Z′ bosons are hypothetical particles that extend the Standard Model of particle physics. They are often associated with theories that go beyond the Standard Model, such as certain Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) and models that include additional symmetries. 1. **W′ Boson**: The W′ boson is a heavier cousin of the W boson, which is responsible for mediating the weak nuclear force in the Standard Model.
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