{wiki}

From <Wikipedia>:
\Q[In <humans>, myoglobin is only found in the bloodstream after muscle injury.]


Myoglobin

Admissible prime k-tuple

Simian

{disambiguate=biology}
{wiki}

= Tissue
{synonym}


Tissue

Ludwig Boltzmann

{wiki}

Some stars are so close that we can actually see their angles move with time due to the relative motion between them and the <Sun>, e.g. <Proxima Centauri>!


Proper motion

Junzi

{c}
{tag=C library}
{tag=2D physics engine}
{wiki}


Box2D

{c}
{title2=1992-}
{title2=UK}
{title2=13k}
{wiki}


TwinsUK

Homonuclear molecule

Java library

Short-read DNA sequencing

Works about Richard Feynman

Neuroscience

Four-current

Geography of Europe

{disambiguate=unit}
{wiki}

= Mole
{synonym}


Mole

{c}
{title2=3,925,744 - 3,925,975}

https://biocyc.org/ECOLI/NEW-IMAGE?type=EXTRAGENIC-SITE&object=G0-10506[]:

Note that this is not the conventional starting point for gene numbering: <E. Coli genome starting point>{full}.


E. Coli K-12 MG1655 origin of replication

Polish letter

{wiki}

= Atomic theory
{synonym}

Theory that atoms exist, i.e. matter is not continuous.

Much before atoms were thought to be "experimentally real", chemists from the 19th century already used "conceptual atoms" as units for the proportions observed in macroscopic chemical reactions, e.g. $2 H_2 + O_2 \leftrightarrow H_{2}O$. The thing is, there was still the possibility that those proportions were made up of something continuous that for some reason could only combine in the given proportions, so the atoms could only be strictly consider calculatory devices pending further evidence.

<Subtle is the Lord by Abraham Pais (1982)> chapter 5 "The reality of molecules" has some good mentions. Notably, physicists generally came to believe in atoms earlier than chemists, because the phenomena they were most interested in, e.g. pressure in the <ideal gas law>, and then <Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics> just scream atoms more loudly than chemical reactions, as they saw that these phenomena could be explained to some degree by traditional mechanics of little balls.

Confusion around the probabilistic nature of the <second law of thermodynamics> was also used as a physical counterargument by some. Pais mentions that <Wilhelm Ostwald> notably argued that the <time reversibility of classical mechanics> + the second law being a fundamental law of physics (and not just probabilistic, which is the correct hypothesis as we now understand) must imply that atoms are not classic billiard balls, otherwise the second law could be broken.

Pais also mentions that a big "chemical" breakthrough was <Isomers suggest that atoms exist>.

Very direct evidence evidence:
* <Brownian motion> mathematical analysis in 1908. Brownian motion just makes it too clear that liquids cannot be continuous... if they were, there would obviously be no <Brownian motion>, full stop.
* <X-ray crystallography>: it \i[sees] crystal latices
* <scanning tunnelling microscope>: it \i[sees] individual atoms for Christ's sake, what else do you want?

  \Image[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/37/A_Boy_and_His_Atom_%28still%29.jpg]
  {title=Still from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Boy_and_His_Atom[A boy and his atom] by <IBM>}
  {source=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Boy_and_His_Atom_(still).jpg}

Less direct evidence:
* 1874 <Isomers suggest that atoms exist>
* <kinetic theory of gases> seems to explain certain phenomena really well

<Subtle is the Lord by Abraham Pais (1982)> page 40 mentions several methods that <Einstein> used to "prove" that atoms were real. Perhaps the greatest argument of all is that several unrelated methods give the same estimates of atom size/mass:
* from 1905:
  * in light quantum paper
  * enabled by experimental work of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Pfeffer[Wilhelm Pfeffer] on producing rigid membranes
    * sugar molecules in water
    * <Brownian motion>: <investigations on the theory of the Brownian movement by Einstein (1905)>
* 1911: blueness of the sky and critical opalescence


Title	Author	Created	Updated
Myoglobin	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Admissible prime k-tuple	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Simian	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Tissue	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Ludwig Boltzmann	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Proper motion	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Junzi	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Box2D	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
TwinsUK	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Homonuclear molecule	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Java library	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Short-read DNA sequencing	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Works about Richard Feynman	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Neuroscience	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Four-current	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Geography of Europe	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Mole	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
E. Coli K-12 MG1655 origin of replication	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Polish letter	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Atom	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01

Ciro Santilli (@cirosantilli, 32)