The two-dimensional ternary linear code generated by $(0,1,1,1)$ and $(1,1,-1,0)$. Its eight nonzero words have exactly three nonzero entries, with precisely two opposite words for each position of the zero coordinate.

Nonnegative gain kernels and positive damping preserve pointwise order. The Volterra series for the linear Boltzmann equation has nonnegative terms when its initial datum is nonnegative. Applying this to the difference of two solutions proves comparison, with uniqueness identifying that difference with the positive series. This order property is distinct from positivity of a quadratic form on a Hilbert space.

For speed $c(y)=y+c_0>0$, Fermat principle and the Beltrami identity yield circular light rays whose centres lie on $y=-c_0$. The ray between $(\pm a,0)$ in the upper half-plane is $y=\sqrt{a^2+c_0^2-x^2}-c_0$.

Two Riemannian metrics have the same Levi-Civita connection precisely when their relative positive self-adjoint endomorphism $A$ is parallel for that connection. Parallel transport preserves both metrics. Consequently agreement at one point implies agreement everywhere on a connected manifold. Without that agreement, constant scalar multiples always give examples; constant nonproportional Euclidean forms show that a common connection does not force scalar proportionality.

A level curve is the planar level set of a scalar function. Where the gradient does not vanish, the implicit function theorem makes it locally a smooth curve. At a critical point, branches may cross, narrow into a cusp or shrink to a point, so a plot should be interpreted with the local critical-point analysis.

The Leopoldt conjecture holds for every finite abelian extension of $\mathbb{Q}$. The proof uses linear independence of $p$-adic logarithms of algebraic numbers. In cyclotomic towers it supplies the ranks of the global-unit terms in the class-field unit sequence; it is not needed for the unramified Iwasawa torsion theorem in arbitrary towers.

For a nonzero Laurent polynomial, its breadth is the largest exponent with nonzero coefficient minus the smallest such exponent. Unlike its highest exponent, it is unchanged by multiplying by a Laurent monomial unit. The breadth of a nonzero constant is zero.

For bounded locally integrable $f$ on the nonnegative real line, suppose its Laplace transform $F$ extends holomorphically to an open neighborhood of the closed right half-plane. Then the ordinary improper integral converges to $F(0)$. Contour damping for bounded Laplace transforms bounds the difference from the finite-interval transform by $2\Vert f{\Vert }_{\infty }/R$ in the limit for every radius $R$. Extension merely to the open right half-plane is insufficient, as the constant function and transform $1/z$ show.

A p-adic L-function is a $p$-adic analytic function or measure interpolating suitably adjusted special values of an L-function. The Kubota-Leopoldt p-adic L-function is the basic example attached to a Dirichlet character.

When the characteristic differs from $p$, the Kummer sequence gives $0\to H^n(L,K_s^{\times })/p\to H^{n+1}(L,{\mu }_p)\to H^{n+1}(L,K_s^{\times })[p]\to 0$. For $n\ge 1$, the positive-degree multiplicative groups are torsion. Thus the middle group is zero exactly when the first multiplicative group is $p$-divisible and the second has zero $p$-primary torsion.

For nontrivial even $\chi$ in the full cyclotomic tower of $\mathbb{Q}$, Kummer theory relates the p-ramified Iwasawa module to the reflected odd unramified Iwasawa module, up to pseudo-isomorphism. Here $\iota (\gamma )={\gamma }^{-1}$ and $(1)$ is the Tate twist. The induced substitution on characteristic series is $T\mapsto u(1+T{)}^{-1}-1$, where $u$ is the cyclotomic value of $\gamma$. Omitting either operation changes the interpolation convention.

If $A$ is a finite-type integral domain over an algebraically closed field and $\dim A=d$, every maximal ideal $\mathfrak{m}$ has height of a prime ideal $d$. Choose a Noether normalization $k[z_1,\dots ,z_d]\subset A$. The contraction of $\mathfrak{m}$ is a maximal ideal of the polynomial ring and has height $d$; going-down theorem lifts its full chain since the polynomial ring is integrally closed domain. The upper bound is $\dim A$. A principal open subset containing a closed point consequently has dimension $d$, because the whole chain under that point survives localization.

A nonempty compact face of a convex set in a Hausdorff locally convex space contains an extreme point. Chains of compact faces have nonempty compact intersection. A minimal face supplied by the Zorn lemma must be a singleton, since a separating linear functional would otherwise expose a proper maximizer face. This is the existence step in the Krein-Milman theorem.

A Killing vector field gives an antisymmetric tensor ${\nabla }^{\mu }{\xi }^{\nu }$ whose divergence is this current, up to overall surface-orientation convention. The four-dimensional Einstein field equations express it as $8\pi G(T^{\mu }{}_{\nu }-\frac{1}{2}T{\delta }^{\mu }{}_{\nu }){\xi }^{\nu }$ at zero cosmological constant. The contracted Bianchi identity and Killing invariance of scalar curvature prove its divergence is zero. Stress conservation alone does not cancel the trace derivative without Killing invariance of the trace.

Writing particle positions relative to the center of mass as ${\rho }_i=r_i-R$ makes ${\sum }_i{m}_i{\rho }_i=0$, so the cross term in the squared velocities vanishes. The total kinetic energy splits into center-of-mass translation and relative motion as displayed. For a rigid body, the latter is $\frac{1}{2}I{\omega }^2$, where $I$ is the moment of inertia about the instantaneous rotation axis through the center of mass.

If angular velocity is independent of height, integrating the viscous stress $\rho \nu r{\Omega }^{\prime }$ gives $\Sigma \bar{\nu }r{\Omega }^{\prime }$. Thus the surface density weighted average, rather than an unweighted height average, enters vertically averaged viscous disk equations.

For a Killing vector field, set $F_{ab}={\nabla }_a{K}_b$ and $a^s=K^t{\nabla }_t{K}^s$. The Killing equation makes $F$ antisymmetric, and expansion of normalized three-index antisymmetrization gives the displayed identity. On a Killing horizon, hypersurface orthogonality removes its first right-hand term and relates $F^{ab}{F}_{ab}$ to surface gravity.

For nonzero spin, the curvature singularity of the Kerr metric is the ring $x^2+y^2=a^2$, $z=0$ in oblate Cartesian coordinates. The rest of the $r=0$ disk is regular and allows continuation to negative $r$. The entire disk must not be mistaken for a curvature singularity, and axial trajectories do not hit the ring.

The two-dimensional symmetry-axis restriction of the Kerr metric has simple horizons at $r_{\pm }$ for $0<|a|<M$, but is regular at $r=0$ because the ring is off-axis. Its static region below the inner horizon continues to an asymptotically flat end at negative infinity. The horizon blocks repeat in the maximal analytic extension. This ideal continuation is distinct from a claim of physical stability at the Cauchy horizon.

For a homogeneous Keller--Segel model with nonnegative chemical production, linearized cell diffusion $D_2>0$, attraction coefficient $D_1>0$, and chemical diffusion $D_{\rho }>0$, put $c=\kappa -a_0{f}_0^{\prime }$ and $\kappa =(\rho k(\rho ){)}^{\prime }{|}_{{\rho }_0}$. A Fourier mode with squared wavenumber $z$ has determinant $z[D_2(c+D_{\rho }z)-D_1{f}_0]$. If $c\ge 0$, a growing mode on the infinite plane exists exactly when $D_1{f}_0>D_{2}c$, and $0<z<(D_1{f}_0-D_{2}c)/(D_2{D}_{\rho })$ is the unstable band. If $c<0$, the homogeneous chemical mode is already unstable. Dividing the threshold by $D_2\kappa$ to obtain a sum of two ratios is valid only when $\kappa >0$. Positivity of $k$ does not guarantee positivity of $(\rho k{)}^{\prime }$.