Lidar acquired from an aircraft with surveyed trajectory and orientation. Ground-return classification removes canopy and structure returns before constructing a bare-ground digital elevation model. Penetration through forest is sampling through canopy gaps, not unrestricted transmission through leaves. Areas with few or no ground returns require uncertainty assessment rather than treating interpolated heights as observations.[ref]
What is the difference between lidar data and a digital elevation model by United States Geological Survey. Point-cloud returns from vegetation, structures and ground, and filtering to a bare-earth model
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