C. J. A. P. Martins, with E. P. S. Shellard, extended the velocity-dependent one-scale model of cosmic string networks. Their 2002 paper refined the curvature-related momentum parameter and incorporated radiation backreaction to study scaling solutions under different expansion histories.[ref]
A scaling state maintains fixed dimensionless ratios between the network's characteristic length and cosmological scales. It is a dynamical outcome of expansion, string motion and losses, rather than a consequence of dimensional analysis alone.
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