 Comprehensive left atrial flow component analysis reveals abnormal flow patterns in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation by Sophia Bäck and others

American Journal of Physiology–Heart and Circulatory Physiology 326(3), H511–H521 (2024; online 22 December 2023), DOI 10.1152/ajpheart.00614.2023. Abstract and Methods: time-resolved CT, computational fluid dynamics and particle tracking distinguish six atrial flow components. Figure 7 compares flow components with volumetric indices.

Methods, Flow Component Analysis, Figure 1: residual volume remains over two tracked cardiac cycles; retained inflow has entered during the preceding cycle and remains. The paragraph immediately after Figure 1 explains why summed component volumes need not equal maximum atrial volume and lists candidate normalization denominators.