Coordinate invariance of the Schwarzschild photon radial potential

ID: coordinate-invariance-of-the-schwarzschild-photon-radial-potential

A stationary time-coordinate change leaves both the areal radius and the time-translation Killing vector field unchanged. The conserved Killing energy and angular momentum of a null geodesic therefore yield the same radial equation in either chart, . The effective potential and radial turning points agree, even when the coordinate time velocities and horizon regularity differ.

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