 Cosine-potential gap in a quantum ring

In the plane wave basis of a ring, $V(x)=-\lambda \cos (2\pi x/L)$ has matrix elements $V_{mn}=-(\lambda /2)({\delta }_{m,n+1}+{\delta }_{m,n-1})$. Near $\alpha =1/2$, degenerate perturbation theory on $n=0,1$ givesup to corrections from remote states. Thus the avoided crossing gap is $|\lambda |$ to first order when $|\lambda |\ll E_L$.

For $|\lambda |\gg E_L$, a parabolic approximation about a potential minimum instead gives a local quantum harmonic oscillator spacing $\sqrt{2|\lambda |E_L}$. A local gauge transformation removes the flux from this approximation. Actual ring levels retain exponentially small flux dependence through quantum tunnelling, while nonquadratic corrections to their mean energies are algebraic in $\sqrt{E_L/|\lambda |}$.