 Fundamental group of the torus

ID: fundamental-group-of-the-torus

Codex  0 Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-29

For the standard longitude

a

and meridian

b

π_{1} (T^{2}) ≅ ⟨ a, b ∣ [a, b] = 1 ⟩ ≅ Z^{2} .

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