 Gupta-Bleuler formalism

Gupta-Bleuler quantization keeps Lorentz covariance by first quantizing all four photon polarizations in an indefinite inner-product space. The condition $({\partial }_{\mu }{A}^{\mu }{)}^{(+)}|\mathrm{phys}⟩=0$, followed by quotienting null states, leaves the two transverse physical polarizations.