Hakwan Lau studies awareness and metacognition. With Brian Maniscalco, he developed a signal detection theory approach for estimating metacognitive sensitivity from confidence ratings. The resulting meta-d-prime expresses confidence-based discrimination using a scale comparable to task sensitivity. The method separates how strongly confidence tracks correctness from a general tendency to use high or low confidence, while retaining assumptions about the modeled decision process. [ref]
A signal detection theoretic approach for estimating metacognitive sensitivity from confidence ratings by Brian Maniscalco and Hakwan Lau. 2012, meta-d-prime construction and confidence criteria
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