 The structure of a typical antibody molecule

Online text: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27144/

Cited passages: Immunobiology, 5th edition, §§3-1, 3-2 and 3-4, Figures 3.2 and 3.4: four chains, paired sites and hinge flexibility.

Additional cited passages: §§3-1–3-3, especially Figure 3.3’s textual caption and the surrounding explanation of papain cleavage. Official search-served section prose was inspected after direct NCBI access encountered reCAPTCHA; no textbook illustration was copied. The four credited names are whole-book authors, with no separate section byline. The year 2001 is the fifth-edition publication year, not a hosting or revision date.